52 Ancestors: #52 Augustin Rochon, born on Christmas Eve

Amy Johnson Crow at No Story Too Small has issued herself and her readers a challenge for 2014. It’s called “52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks”, and as Amy explains, the challenge is to “have one blog post each week devoted to a specific ancestor. It could be a story, a biography, a photograph, an outline of a research problem — anything that focuses on one ancestor”.

For the 52nd and final week of this challenge, I chose Augustin Rochon (1728-1805).

Augustin is my paternal 6x great-grandfather and is number 316 in my ancestor list.

Because of the holidays, I wanted to close this ‘challenging’ year by writing about an ancestor who was born on Christmas day. I was disappointed when I didn’t find such an ancestor in my database, but I did find two individuals who were baptized on December 25. I picked the earlier numbered ancestor.

Augustin was born in the evening of 24 December 1728. He was baptized the next day (Christmas) in St-François-de-Sales on Ile Jésus, the island just above Montreal island. [1] He was the eldest of the fourteen children of François Rocheron (Rochon) by his second wife Marie-Charlotte Gingras. Augustin had nine brothers and four sisters. [2] He also had an elder half-sister by his father’s first marriage. [3]

Baptism record of Augustin Rochon, 1728 [4]

François and Marie-Charlotte chose Antoine Parent and Magdeleine Labelle as Augustin’s godparents. Parrain Antoine could write his name, because he signed anthoy parant in the register (see the above image).

Augustin married three times. He and his first wife Marie Josèphe (Marguerite) Beauchamp were united in marriage on 25 February 1754 in Lachenaie, near Terrebonne, north of Montreal. [5] By her, he had one child of unknown gender, who died the day it was born in May 1756. Marie Josèphe died a few days after her infant. [6]

Almost two years after the loss of his first wife and only child, Augustin married Thérèse Filion on 23 January 1758 in Lachenaie. [7] He was 29 years old, while Thérèse was only about 15 years old. Over the course of the next thirty years, the couple had eighteen children, including eldest child, Augustin (1759-1828), my ancestor. [8] Sadly, Thérèse did not survive the birth (and death) of her last child, a daughter, for she died two weeks later on 5 May 1789. [9]

On 1 September 1794, Augustin married for the third and last time to widow Marie Angélique Fagnan. [10] They did not have any children.

Augustin died on 30 March 1805 and was buried two days later in St-Eustache, Deux-Montagnes County. [11] His burial record describes him as being âgé d’environ soixante dix huit ans (he was actually 76 years old) and an ancien laboureur [formerly a ploughman].

Sources:

1. St-François-de-Sales (St-François, Quebec), parish register, 1727-1740, p. 16, no entry no. (1728), Augustin Rochon baptism, 25 December 1728; St-François-de-Sales parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 23 December 2014).

2. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 22 December 2014), François Rochon Rocheron – Marie Charlotte Gingras, Famille no. 16180.

3. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 22 December 2014), François Rochon Rocheron – Marie Anne Filiatrault St Louis, Famille no. 13511. Note that René Jetté, Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec (Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1983), 1002 is in error when it says that François’ daughter by Marie Anne died in 1722.

4. St-François-de-Sales, parish register, 1727-1740, p. 16, Augustin Rochon baptism, 25 December 1728.

5. St-Charles (Lachenaie, Quebec), parish register, 1726-1758, no page no., no entry no. (1754), Augustin Rochon – Marie Josephe Beauchamp marriage, 25 February 1754; St-Charles parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 23 December 2014).

6. Ste-Rose (Ste-Rose, Quebec), parish register, 1743-1768, no page no., no entry no. (1756), [anonymous child] Rochon burial, 15 May 1756; Ste-Rose parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 23 December 2014). And, Ste-Rose (Ste-Rose, Quebec), parish register, 1743-1768, no page no., no entry no. (1756), Marguerite Beauchamp [sic] burial, 21 May 1756; Ste-Rose parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 23 December 2014).

7. St-Charles (Lachenaie, Quebec), parish register, 1726-1758, no page no., no entry no. (1758), Augustin Rochon – Thérèse Filion marriage, 23 January 1758; St-Charles parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 21 October 2014).

8. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 21 October 2014), Augustin Rochon Rocheron – Marie Thérèse Filion, Famille no. 34510.

9. St-Eustache (St-Eustache, Quebec), parish register, 1788-1792, p. 13 verso, no entry no. (1789), Marie Thérèse Fillion [sic] burial, 6 May 1789; St-Eustache parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 21 October 2014).

10. Ste-Thérèse (Ste-Thérèse, Quebec), parish register, 1794, p. 7 recto, no entry no., Augustin Rochon – Angélique Fagnant [sic] marriage, 1 September 1794; Ste- Thérèse parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 21 October 2014).

11. St-Eustache (St-Eustache, Quebec), parish register, 1804, p. 9 verso, no entry no., Augustin Rochon burial, 1 April 1805; St-Eustache parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 23 December 2014).

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

52 Ancestors: #51 Marie-Antoinette Chouart

Amy Johnson Crow at No Story Too Small has issued herself and her readers a challenge for 2014. It’s called “52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks”, and as Amy explains, the challenge is to “have one blog post each week devoted to a specific ancestor. It could be a story, a biography, a photograph, an outline of a research problem — anything that focuses on one ancestor”.

For the 51st week of this challenge, I chose Marie-Antoinette Chouart (1661-1731).

Marie-Antoinette is my maternal 7x great-grandmother and is number 769 in my ancestor list.

The youngest child of famed explorer Médard Chouart, sieur des Groseilliers, Marie-Antoinette Chouart was baptized on 7 June 1661 in Trois-Rivières. [1] Médard married Hélène Martin in 1647, by whom he had two sons; she died about 1651. He then married Marguerite Hayet in 1653 and had one son and four daughters by her, including Marie-Antoinette. [2]

On 13 November 1677, Marie-Antoinette entered into a marriage contract with Jean Jalot, a French immigrant and a surgeon. [3] The couple had eight children, including twin sons. In the summer of 1690, Jean was killed by the Iroquois at coulée Grou, east of Montreal. [4]

Widow Marie-Antoinette married Jean-Baptiste Bouchard dit Dorval on 19 December 1695 (319 years ago today) in Montreal. [5] Both signed the marriage record (see below).

Bouchard – Chouart marriage record (1695) [6]

The Bouchard couple had six children, including Jean-Baptiste (1698-1755), my ancestor.

Marie-Antoinette died on 5 July 1731 and was buried the next day in Montreal. [7]

Sources:

1. René Jetté, Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec (Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1983), 254.

2. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 254.

3. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 590.

4. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 590.

5. Notre-Dame (Montreal, Quebec), parish register, 1695-1699, no page no., no entry no. (1695), Jean Baptiste Bouchard – Marie Anthoinette Chouard [sic] marriage, 19 December 1695; Notre-Dame parish; digital image, “Quebec Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621-1967”, Ancestry.ca (http://www.ancestry.ca : accessed 14 January 2012).

6. Notre-Dame, parish register, 1695-1699, Jean Baptiste Bouchard – Marie Anthoinette Chouard [sic] marriage, 19 December 1695.

7. Notre-Dame (Montreal, Quebec), parish register, 1726-1733, page no. 133, no entry no. (1731), Marie Antoinette Chouar [sic] burial, 6 July 1731; Notre-Dame parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec  (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 18 December 2014).

Copyright (c) 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

Wedding Wednesday: Belair – Desgroseilliers

Tomorrow, December 18th, would have been my parents Maurice and Jacqueline’s 60th wedding anniversary. (Dad passed away in 1996.)

Mom and Dad married on 18 December 1954 in Sarnia, Lambton County, Ontario. Their attendants were their friends William (Bill) and Helen Chaban.

It was a mid-afternoon civil ceremony, with only Bill and Helen present. Mom bought herself a two-piece grey suit at Saks of Sarnia, and Dad wore a dark suit. Afterwards, photographs were taken, and then the newlyweds and the Chabans went out for dinner.

The next day, Mom and Dad left for northern Ontario to tell the news to their families. They first stopped in Kirkland Lake to see Mom’s sister Madeleine and their father Eugène. Later, they drove to Timmins (about 1½ hours west) to tell Dad’s parents.

The news was unexpected, since no one knew about their plans. Mom once told me that since she and Dad didn’t have much money (she was a waitress and Dad was a pipefitter) and didn’t want to burden their families, they chose to have a quiet wedding. It didn’t take long for everyone to get over their surprise, though, because Dad’s family knew Mom (they had dated for about three years), and Mom’s father liked Dad and got along well with him.

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

Sunday’s Obituary: Thomas Vanasse

Thomas died on 5 December 1983 in Coquitlam, BC. He was interred nine days later on December 14th (thirty-one years ago today) in nearby Vancouver.

I never knew or met Thomas, and didn’t know that he lived in BC after we moved here in the late 1970s. He was a first cousin of my paternal grandmother Julie (Vanasse) Belair, and since Dad always loved meeting new-to-him relatives, I’m sure that he would have wanted to get to know Thomas.

A couple of years ago, my husband and I sought out Thomas' final resting place and photographed his tombstone; see Tombstone Tuesday: Thomas Vanasse.

Source: “Thomas James Vanasse”, obituary, The Province (Vancouver, British Columbia), 14 December 1983, p. 65.

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

52 Ancestors: #50 Marie Catherine Deniger, married three times

Amy Johnson Crow at No Story Too Small has issued herself and her readers a challenge for 2014. It’s called “52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks”, and as Amy explains, the challenge is to “have one blog post each week devoted to a specific ancestor. It could be a story, a biography, a photograph, an outline of a research problem — anything that focuses on one ancestor”.

For the 50th week of this challenge, I chose Marie Catherine Deniger (1715-1774).

Marie Catherine is my maternal 6x great-grandmother and is number 413 in my ancestor list.

The youngest child of Jean Deniger dit Sanssoucy and his wife Marie Catherine Surprenant, Marie Catherine was born and baptized on 28 July 1715 in LaPrairie, opposite Montreal on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. She had four elder siblings: Marie Marguerite, Laurent, François and Antoine. [1]

Marie Catherine married three times.

First marriage

On 21 November 1735, Marie Catherine married Charles Tougas dit Laviolette in LaPrairie. Twenty-eight year old Charles was a widower, whose only child by his first wife died soon after birth. Marie Catherine was expecting their fifth child when Charles died in April 1743. Two months later, a little girl was born, but she died when she was six months old. [2]

Second marriage

On 18 January 1745, Marie Catherine married Jacques Charland in LaPrairie. Jacques, who was almost twenty years older than Marie Catherine, was also a widower. Seven of his fifteen children were living when he married. History repeated itself when Jacques died in August 1747 while Marie Catherine was expecting their second child. Their daughter, who was born seven weeks later, survived to adulthood. [3]

Montreal waterfront in winter (1848/1849)

Image credit: Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. R9266-162.2R Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana.

Third marriage

Marie Catherine married for the third and last time on 13 July 1750 in Montreal. Her new husband, Jean Baptiste Antoine Boulard dit Melançon, was a French-born soldier. Not only was he almost four years younger than Marie Catherine, he was also a widower with four children. Together, Marie Catherine and Jean Baptiste had five children, all daughters, but only the two eldest survived. [4]

To recap, Marie Catherine had

• three husbands (two of whom predeceased her) and
• twelve children (seven of whom died in her lifetime).

She was also

• stepmother to twelve children (eight by her second husband and four by her third husband).

A few months after her 59th birthday, Marie Catherine died on 11 December 1774. She was buried the next day on 12 December (240 years ago today) in Montreal. [5]

Sources:

1. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 27 July 2013), Marie Catherine Deniger Sansoucy, Individu no. 92580. And, “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 27 July 2013), Jean Baptiste Deniger Sansoucy – Marie Catherine Surprenant Sansoucy, Famille no. 9692.

2. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH), Marie Catherine Deniger Sansoucy, Individu no. 92580. And, “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 27 July 2013), Charles Tougas Laviolette – Marie Catherine Deniger Sansoucy, Famille no. 19654.

3. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH), Marie Catherine Deniger Sansoucy, Individu no. 92580. And, “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 27 July 2013), Jacques Charland – Marie Catherine Deniger Sansoucy, Famille no. 24301.

4. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH), Marie Catherine Deniger Sansoucy, Individu no. 92580. And, “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 27 July 2013), Jean Baptiste Antoine Boulard Melancon – Marie Catherine Deniger Sansoucy, Famille no. 28031. And, Fichier Origine, database (http://www.fichierorigine.com : accessed 9 December 2014), entry for Jean-Antoine Boulard [sic], no. 240509.

5. Notre-Dame (Montreal, Quebec), parish register, 1772-1776, p. 16 recto, no entry no., Marie Catherine Dénigeay [sic] burial, 12 December 1774; Notre-Dame parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 9 December 2014). And, “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH), Marie Catherine Deniger Sansoucy, Individu no. 92580.

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

52 Ancestors: #49 François Janvry dit Belair, Seven Years’ War soldier

Amy Johnson Crow at No Story Too Small has issued herself and her readers a challenge for 2014. It’s called “52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks”, and as Amy explains, the challenge is to “have one blog post each week devoted to a specific ancestor. It could be a story, a biography, a photograph, an outline of a research problem — anything that focuses on one ancestor”.

I’ve had an amazing time participating in this blogging challenge for the past eleven months. There’s only four weeks left to go and I’m feeling kind of sad that the end is in sight.

For the 49th week of this challenge, I chose François Janvry dit Belair (ca 1736-1817).

My patrilineal family owes its existence on the North American continent to a war, because François – my first Belair immigrant ancestor – came to Nouvelle-France as a soldier. He is my 4x great-grandfather and is number 64 in my ancestor list.

During the Seven Years’ War (also known as the War of the Conquest or the French and Indian Wars) between 1754 and 1763, France sent army regiments and naval companies to Canada to fight the English and the Indians who threatened the colony’s sovereignty. [1]

There are few known details about François' early life. He was born about 1731 (age at his burial), or more likely about 1736 (age at his hospitalization). [2] He was born in the parish of St-Martin of Dives, Picardie, France. [3] He was the son of Charles Janvry and Marie Lefebvre. [4]

François Janvry dit Belair's hospital record (middle line)
(Généalogie Québec.com)

François, an infantry soldier, served with an unspecified company in the Béarn regiment. [5] He was possibly in Canada as early as June 1755 when the regiment arrived in Quebec. [6] His first recorded appearance, however, is four years later when he was a patient at the Hôtel-Dieu (hospital) in Quebec from 17 to 19 June 1759. [7] His next appearance in Canadian records is when he served as a witness at the marriage of a fellow soldier in Ste-Geneviève (Pierrefonds), near Montreal, in November 1760. [8]

Two months later, François married Marie Elisabeth Martel on 7 January 1761 in Ste-Geneviève. [9] She was twenty-seven years old, and a widow with two young children. The newlyweds made their home in Ste-Geneviève on property that Marie Elisabeth inherited from her late husband. François and Marie Elisabeth had six children, including my ancestor Pierre, their youngest child.

Today – 5 December 2014 – marks the 197th anniversary of François’ death. He died on 5 December 1817, and was buried the next day in Ste-Geneviève. [10]

Sources:

1. Canadian War Museum (http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/gallery1/clash_e.shtml : accessed 4 December 2014), “Clash of Empires and The Battle of the Plains of Abraham: Introduction: The Seven Years' War”.

2. Ste-Geneviève (Pierrefonds, Quebec), parish register, 1812-1823, p. 112 recto, no entry no. (1817), Eustache Janvry [sic] burial, 6 December 1817; Ste-Geneviève parish; digital image, “Quebec Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621-1967”, Ancestry.ca (http://www.ancestry.ca : accessed 22 September 2010). And, “Registres du Fonds Drouin”, digital images, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 4 December 2014), entry for francois zénéry dit Beller [sic], 17 June 1759. Note: To access this unindexed entry, follow this path: Registres du Fonds Drouin > Québec > Divers > Québec (Hôpitaux) > Québec (Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu du Précieux-Sang de Québec) > Registres des malades > 1752-1804 > image d1p_31481140.jpg (line 17 on left page).

3. “Registres du Fonds Drouin”, digital images, Généalogie Québec, entry for francois zénéry dit Beller [sic], 17 June 1759. Also, Marcel Fournier, Combattre pour la France en Amérique: Les soldats de la guerre de Sept Ans en Nouvelle-France 1755-1760, (Montréal: Société généalogique canadienne-française, 2009), 405. An alternate place of birth is the “paroisse d’ytre, diocese de noyon en picardie”. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 5 September 2009), Francois Janvry Belair (ca 1731- ), Individu no. 160339.

4. Ste-Geneviève (Pierrefonds, Quebec), parish register, 1756-1775, p. 12 recto, no entry no. (1761), francois janvri dit belaïr – marie Elizabeth martel [sic], 7 January 1761; Ste-Geneviève parish; digital image, “Quebec Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621-1967”, Ancestry.ca (http://www.ancestry.ca : accessed 30 July 2007).

5. “Registres du Fonds Drouin”, digital images, Généalogie Québec, entry for francois zénéry dit Beller [sic], 17 June 1759. Also, Fournier, Combattre pour la France, 405.

6. Fournier, Combattre pour la France, 58.

7. “Registres du Fonds Drouin”, digital images, Généalogie Québec, entry for francois zénéry dit Beller [sic], 17 June 1759. Also, Fournier, Combattre pour la France, 405.

8. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 5 September 2009), Joseph Parmier Vadeboncoeur – Marie Catherine Lariviere, Mariage no. 281210.

9. Ste-Geneviève, parish register, 1756-1775, p. 12 recto, francois janvri dit belaïr – marie Elizabeth martel [sic] marriage, 7 January 1761.

10. Ste-Geneviève, parish register, 1812-1823, p. 112 recto, Eustache Janvry [sic] burial, 6 December 1817.

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

Mystery Monday: Gaston Desgroseilliers’ Cause of Death

Gaston Desgroseilliers' death registration (1941)

Last year, I wrote about the short life of my mother’s younger brother Gaston and how he died following a car accident in May 1941 in Wednesday’s Child: Gaston Desgroseilliers, A Brief Life.

This past May, I went to the Archives of Ontario (AO), located in the provincial capital of Toronto, and viewed Gaston’s death registration on microfilm. [1]

You might ask yourself why bother seeing the registration when I had already knew the cause of death?

I wanted to see the death registration for two important reasons:

1. My mother and her sisters always maintained that their little brother died after falling out of a moving car, not from pneumonia, as reported by the Cemetery Records department of the Town of Parry Sound. [2]
2. I wanted my own copy of the (original) death registration.

Sitting at the microfilm reader in the Rotunda at AO, I was getting a bit anxious while scrolling through the film to locate the image I needed. (I was hoping that it would disclose the ‘right’ cause of death.) Finally, I got to the image I needed on roll 670. There was the cause of death: “Acute lung trouble or type of [pneunionea]”. [3]

Disappointed, I looked at the rest of the information and saw that “Jury’s Verdict” was written below the cause of death. I also noticed that the document was signed by S. B. Biehn, Coroner/M.D.

I was puzzled. What did “Jury’s Verdict” mean? Why would a jury be involved when someone dies in a hospital, like it said in the field “Place of Death”? And why would a coroner/M.D. sign the record?

While my husband made a digital copy of the registration on a USB memory stick, I went to the nearby reference desk. I wanted to know if the Archives had any coroners’ records. I was directed to their computer database, but I didn’t find any listings for the Parry Sound District, where Gaston’s death occurred.

When it was time to go, Michael and I signed ourselves out. (You have to sign in and sign out when you arrive and leave at AO.) As I wrote my name, the clerk asked if I had found everything I needed. I explained that I had, mostly, but that I didn’t find the coroners’ records I wanted. She asked for my name and contact number, and said that she would pass my concern on to an archivist.

Later that day, while my husband was negotiating rush hour traffic in Toronto, my cell phone rang. It was an AO archivist getting back to me. She explained that while the Archives did have some coroners’ records, it didn’t have them all (like Parry Sound District), because some records were lost or destroyed before a “records management program” was established in the 1960s. It wasn’t what I had hoped to hear, but thanked her for such a prompt reply.

So, at the end of the day, I’m still left with questions:

• Was Gaston’s accident and subsequent death reported in a local newspaper?
• What exactly is “acute lung trouble or type of [pneumonia]” and would it be caused after a fall from a moving vehicle?
• Was a physician present when Gaston died in the hospital, and if so, why did he not sign the death registration? (The coroner stated on the form that he “did not attend” the deceased.)
• It looks like there are four different handwritings on the registration form; why so many?*
• Do Gaston’s hospital records still exist, and if so, are they accessible to a family member?
• Why was a coroner’s jury involved? Who or what determines the need for an inquest?
• Why did the coroner sign and date the registration four days after Gaston’s death? Did he wait for the jury to return its verdict?
• If coroners’ records for Parry Sound District didn’t get transferred to the provincial archives, might they still exist at the municipal or district level?

* In the “Medical Certificate of Death” portion of the form (on the right side), it looks like the handwriting of the coroner, S. B. Biehn. I suspect that it’s my grandfather Eugène’s handwriting I see on the left side of the record, as well as at the top where it says “Place of Death” and “Residence”. Just below it, where it says “Name of Deceased”, the writing seems to be by another person. Finally, at the very right hand bottom, it looks like the Division Registrar signed his name and dated the form.

Sources:

1. Gaston Desgrosseiliers [sic] death registration no. 028984 (1941); Ontario Registrations of Death, 1869–; microfilm MS 935, roll 670, Archives of Ontario, Toronto.

2. Corporation of the Town of Parry Sound (Parry Sound, Ontario), Cemetery Records, to Yvonne Belair, letter, 25 February 1987, providing administrative record for Gaston Desgroseilliers, Single Grave S, in the South ½ [S ½] of Lot 14, Block L, Hillcrest Cemetery.

3. Gaston Desgrosseiliers [sic] death registration no. 028984 (1941); Ontario Registrations of Death, 1869–.

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

52 Ancestors: #48 Jean-Baptiste Lepage, died in 1779, not 1764

Amy Johnson Crow at No Story Too Small has issued herself and her readers a challenge for 2014. It’s called “52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks”, and as Amy explains, the challenge is to “have one blog post each week devoted to a specific ancestor. It could be a story, a biography, a photograph, an outline of a research problem — anything that focuses on one ancestor”.

For the 48th week of this challenge, I chose Jean-Baptiste Pagési (Lepage) dit St-Amand (1692-1779).

Jean-Baptiste is my paternal 6x great-grandfather and is number 266 in my ancestor list. 

An only son among the five children of Jean Pagési (Lepage) dit St-Amand (a French immigrant) and his wife Marie-Catherine Gladu, Jean-Baptiste was born and baptized on 26 October 1692 in the village of Lachine (now part of the city of Montreal). [1] When he was about two years old, the Pagési family moved to Boucherville, where his father died suddenly in April 1695. [2]

On the St. Larwrence [sic] near the village of Lachine, Lower Canada.*

* Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. 1995-28-35.

On 3 July 1717, Jean-Baptiste and twenty-year old Marie-Anne Ondoyer entered into a marriage contract, followed by their marriage ceremony two months later on 6 September in Quebec. [3] Their son Jean-Baptiste was born a year later in October 1718. He was the first of twelve children that were born over the next twenty-four years. [4]

Many years ago, I found my ancestor Jean-Baptiste in Tanguay’s Dictionnaire. [5] According to this source, he died accidentally in the seigneurie of Beauharnois on 28 November 1764. [6] I entered this information in my notes, and moved on.

Earlier this week, I did some background research for my blog post. I also took the time to search for Jean-Baptiste’s burial record at Généalogie Québec.com. I found the record, and then compared the details. [7] They seemed to match those in Tanguay – name, date and place of death, and date and place of burial. I figured I was good, and again, moved on.

The next day, I searched the Internet for the circumstances of Jean-Baptiste’s death, because neither his burial record nor Tanguay indicated what type of accident he had. I came across a database that said Jean-Baptiste died in Montreal on 14 April 1779. [8] I assumed this date and location were incorrect, since it differed from Tanguay. Just in case, though, I looked for the 1779 burial record at Généalogie Québec.com. I found it. [9] Name, check; date and place of death, check; date and place of burial, check. These details matched those of the Internet search.

What was going on? Which source was correct and which source wasn't?

I was confused for a moment, but then realized what happened. I had trusted one source all these years and hadn’t verified it. When I originally found my ancestor Jean-Baptiste in Tanguay over twenty years ago, I was still a beginner researcher, I didn’t know about genealogical standards, and I hadn’t heard of reasonably exhaustive research. [10]

Thank goodness for having a blog. Writing about my ancestors in a public forum is a good way to ensure that I review the work I’ve previously done, and that I don't forget to move beyond using just one or two types of resources.

So, which Jean-Baptiste died when?

I put the various burial details into a table. That’s when I realized that I had overlooked one important piece of information: their ages. One Jean-Baptiste was 48 years old at his death/burial and the other was 94 years old.

One piece of information was still missing, though. Neither of the men’s burial records indicated the names of their respective wives. I went to the online Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) to see if its databases could help. I located each of their “Individu” file. It turned out that the Jean-Baptiste who died in 1764 was the son of Jean-Baptiste and Marie-Anne (Ondoyer) Pagési/Lepage. [11] The Jean-Baptiste who died in 1779 was the son of Jean and Marie-Catherine (Gladu) Pagési dit St-Amand. [12]

I now knew that Jean-Baptiste père (my ancestor) died on 14 April 1779 and that Jean-Baptiste fils (my ancestor’s son) died on 28 November 1764.

Thank goodness I chose ancestor no. 266 for this article. The prep work I did for it became a teachable moment for me: don’t trust only one source and do a reasonably exhaustive research.

Sources:

1. Sts-Anges-Gardiens (Lachine, Quebec), parish register, 1676-1756, p. 43 recto, no entry no. (1692), Jean Baptiste Pagesy [sic] baptism, 26 October 1692; Sts-Anges-Gardiens parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 25 November 2014).

2. Très-Ste-Famille (Boucherville, Quebec), parish register, 1669-1695, no page no., no entry no. (1695), Jean Baptiste Pagesi dit St Amant [sic] burial, 28 April 1695; Très-Ste-Famille parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 25 November 2014).

3. René Jetté, Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec (Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1983), 864.

4. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 30 June 2014), Jean Baptiste Lepage StAmand Pagesi Page – Marie Anne Ondoye Martin [sic], Famille no. 12592.

5. Cyprien Tanguay, Dictionnaire généalogique des familles canadiennes, 7 vols (1871–1890, reprint, Montréal: Editions Elysée, 1991), VI: 194.

6. Tanguay, Dictionnaire, VI: 194, right column, note (1).

7. Ste-Anne (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec), parish register, 1758-1768, p. 170, no entry no. (1764), Jean Lepage dit St Amant [sic] burial, 30 November 1764; Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue parish; digital image, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 25 November 2014).

8. Genealogy of Canada (http://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/genealogie.aspx?lng=en : 26 November 2014), entry for Jean-Baptiste Lepage, ID No. 29759, spouse of Marie-Anne Leber.

9. Notre-Dame (Montreal, Quebec), parish register, 177[7]-1779, no page no., no entry no. (1779), Jean Baptiste Lepage burial, 15 April 1779; Notre-Dame parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 26 November 2014).

10. The Board for Certification of Genealogists defines this term as “reasonably exhaustive research – emphasizing original records providing participants’ information – for all evidence that might answer a genealogist’s question about an identity, relationship, event, or situation”. Board for Certification of Genealogists, Genealogy Standards, 50th anniversary edition (Nashville, Tennessee: Ancestry.com, 2014), 1.

11. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 26 November 2014), Jean Baptiste Lepage StAmand Page [sic] (1718-1764), Individu no. 121531.

12. “Dictionnaire”, database, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) (http://www.genealogie.umontreal.ca : accessed 26 November 2014), Jean Baptiste Lepage StAmand Page [sic] (1692-1779), Individu no. 59741.

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

52 Ancestors: #47 Marie Godard, a good life

Amy Johnson Crow at No Story Too Small has issued herself and her readers a challenge for 2014. It’s called “52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks”, and as Amy explains, the challenge is to “have one blog post each week devoted to a specific ancestor. It could be a story, a biography, a photograph, an outline of a research problem — anything that focuses on one ancestor”.

For the 47th week of this challenge, I chose Marie Godard (ca 1629/1634/1639/1641-1684).

Marie is my paternal 8x great-grandmother and is number 1201 in my ancestor list.

When I first chose Marie for this blog post, I didn’t think there was much I’d be able to say. Now that I’ve done some background research, I’ve got more details about my ancestor than when I first started.

Marie’s parents are unknown and her place of origin is unknown. [1] However, it’s possible that she was from Mortagne in Perche, France. As a new immigrant, young Marie worked for Marie Renouard (Regnouard), wife of Robert Giffard, seigneur of Beauport, and Madame Giffard was particularly kind and watchful over Marie. [2]

Marie’s date of birth varies between 1629 and 1641: [3]

• about 1629 (she was 52 years old on the 1681 census)
• about 1634 (she was 50 at her burial)
• about 1639 (she was 28 on the 1667 census)
• about 1641 (she was 25 on the 1666 census)

Her date of immigration is also unknown, but she was likely a teenager when she arrived in or before 1654. That year, she married Toussaint Giroux on September 29th in Beauport, now an eastern suburb of Quebec City. [4] A Jesuit priest named Paul Ragueneau blessed their union that took place in Giffard’s manor on his seigneurial property. [5]

"Vue in the Neighborhood of Beauport, near Quebec" (1840)*

* Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. 1956-62-99.

Toussaint, a weaver, was five weeks away from his 21st birthday. He had recently received a grant or concession of land from seigneur Giffard. [6] Unlike his wife, Toussaint’s parents and origin are known: he was the son of Jean Giroux by his wife Marguerite Quilleron (Cuilleron) and he was baptized on 2 November 1633 in Réveillon, just south of Mortagne, France. [7]

Marie and Toussaint had twelve children, nine sons and three daughters. [8] I descend from their second, but eldest surviving son Raphaël (1656-1715).

Marie’s early years of motherhood were sad and difficult for her. Her first child, Charles, was born prematurely in the late spring of 1655 and died when one week old. Her fourth child, Toussaint died when he was ten weeks old in 1660, and her sixth child, also named Toussaint, died when he was three weeks old in 1663. Her ninth child, Jean-Baptiste, born in 1668, died when he was a child, because he doesn’t appear in his parents’ household on the 1681 census. [9]

Further pregnancies brought joy to Marie. She gave birth to daughters Marie-Anne and Madeleine in 1666 and 1669, respectively, and then in the 1670s, Marie gave birth to another Toussaint and to daughter Monique; all four children survived. The Giroux family was now complete.

The 1681 census is a witness to Marie and Toussaint’s prosperity: they had three rifles, farm animals, and “53 arpents of land under cultivation”. [10] Life was good for Marie during this time. She also had the joy of seeing three of her children married in Beauport: Raphaël in November 1681, and Michel and Marie-Anne both in August 1683. [11]

The following year, though, Marie’s life drew to a close. She died on 21 November 1684, 330 years ago today (21 November 2014). She was buried the next day in Beauport. The priest noted in his church’s register that, prior to her death, Marie had “recu Les Sacrement de penitence et du viatique et avoir mené une bonne vie”. [12] She had received the last rites, and had led a good life.

Sources:

1. René Jetté, Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec (Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1983), 503.

2. Soeur Anna Giroux, “Toussaint Giroux, 1633-1715”, Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 25 (janvier-février-mars 1974): 3-27, particularly p. 26; DVD edition (Montreal, QC: SGCF, 2013).

3. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 503.

4. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 502. Although the ceremony took place in Beauport, the event was registered in Notre-Dame’s sacramental register in Quebec.

5. Violette Allaire, “L’Association “Perche-Canada” rend hommage à l’ancêtre Toussaint Giroux, à Réveillon (Orne)”, Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 15 (juillet-août-septembre 1964): 182-184, particularly p. 183; DVD edition (Montreal, QC: SGCF, 2013).

6. Gagné, Peter J., Before the King’s Daughters: The Filles à Marier, 1634-1662, (Orange Park, Florida: Quintin Publications, 2008), 156.

7. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 502.

8. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 503.

9. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 503.

10. Gagné, Before the King’s Daughters, 157. Also, Giroux, “Toussaint Giroux, 1633-1715”, 15, citing Benjamin Sulte, Histoire du Canada française, 1608-1880, 6 vols.; Tomes IV et V, recensements 1666, 1667, 1681.

11. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 503.

12. Notre-Dame (Beauport, Quebec), parish register, 1684, p. 3 verso, no entry no., Marie Godard burial, 22 November 1684; Notre-Dame parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 20 November 2014).

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

52 Ancestors: #46 Pierre Séguin, a literate man

Amy Johnson Crow at No Story Too Small has issued herself and her readers a challenge for 2014. It’s called “52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks”, and as Amy explains, the challenge is to “have one blog post each week devoted to a specific ancestor. It could be a story, a biography, a photograph, an outline of a research problem — anything that focuses on one ancestor”.

For the 46th week of this challenge, I chose Pierre Séguin (1682-1760).

Pierre is my paternal 7x great-grandfather and is number 630 in my ancestor list. I find it interesting that I not only descend from Pierre through my father, but that I also descend from his elder sister Françoise (1674-1751) and his younger brother Simon (1684-1758) through my mother.

The fifth of eleven children, Pierre was the son of French immigrants François Séguin dit Ladéroute and his wife Jeanne Petit. He was born on 24 August 1682 in Boucherville (across Montreal on the south shore of the St. Lawrence) and baptized the next day. [1]

On 4 February 1704, Pierre married Barbe Filion, a widow, in Boucherville. [2] Two days earlier, they had entered into a marriage contract in the notarial study of Marien Tailhandier. [3]

Séguin - Filion marriage record (1704) [4]

Pierre probably had some education, because he knew how to write his name. Notice his signature (Pierre Seguin) located in the lower right corner of his marriage record in the above image.

Pierre and Barbe were the parents of nine children born between 1704 and 1720: Marie-Françoise, Marie-Elisabeth, Pierre, Antoine-Joseph, Geneviève, Barbe (my ancestor), Antoine, Marie-Jeanne and Véronique. [5]

The Séguin family lived in St-François on Ile Jésus (the island just above the island of Montreal) from 1704 to about 1730 (except for a spell in St-Sulpice in 1711), then in nearby Lachenaie from about 1734 to 1750, when Pierre’s wife Barbe died.

Pierre’s date and place of death are unknown, but was presumably on or about 9 November 1760, because he was buried there on this date in Mascouche. [6]

Whoever was the informant at his burial was a bit ambitious in giving Pierre’s age. The record states that he was 102 years old, but he was actually twenty-four years younger, being only 78 years old. [7]

Sources:

1. St-Enfant-Jésus (Pointe-aux-Trembles, Quebec), parish register, 1674-1700, p. 40, no entry no. (1682), Pierre Seguin [sic] baptism, 25 August 1682; St-Enfant-Jésus parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 10 November 2014).

2. Ste-Famille (Boucherville, Quebec), parish register, 1696-1717, p. 26, no entry no. (1704), Pierre Seguin – Barbe Filion [sic] marriage, 4 February 1704; Ste-Famille parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 10 November 2014).

3. René Jetté, Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec (Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1983), 1041.

4. Ste-Famille, parish register, 1696-1717, p. 26, Pierre Seguin – Barbe Filion [sic] marriage, 4 February 1704.

5. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 1041.

6. St-Henri (Mascouche, Quebec), parish register, 1750-1780, p. 25, no entry no. (1760), Pierre Séguin burial, 9 November 1760; St-Henri parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 9 November 2014).

7. St-Henri, parish register, 1785-1799, p. 25, Pierre Séguin burial, 9 November 2014.

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

Sunday’s Obituary: Fred Burchill

Fred Burchill was born about 1907 in England. He came to Canada as a home child in about 1916. Once here, he was taken in (adopted) by a couple named Thomas and Anna Nephin of Chichester, Pontiac County, Quebec. I’ve previously written about great-uncle Fred in Freddie Burchill, Home Child.

Fred married Agnes (Aggie) Vanasse, a Pontiac County girl (and my late father’s maternal aunt), in September 1935 at St. Alphonsus Church in Chapeau. The couple, who had three children, settled in Ottawa, Ontario.

I remember meeting my great-aunt and great-uncle only once, when I visited them at their apartment in Ottawa in the late 1970s. It’s a shame that I didn’t know them better, because they were a lovely couple.

Fred died on 8 November 1989 in Ottawa. Aunt Aggie and their children survived him.

Source:

“Fred Burchill”, obituary, undated clipping (1989), from unidentified newspaper; Demoskoff Family Papers, privately held by Yvonne (Belair) Demoskoff, British Columbia, 2014. Yvonne received the original clipping from her Aunt Joan (Belair) Laneville when she visited her home in May 2014.

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

52 Ancestors: #45 Louis Turcot and the sad year of 1748

Amy Johnson Crow at No Story Too Small has issued herself and her readers a challenge for 2014. It’s called “52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks”, and as Amy explains, the challenge is to “have one blog post each week devoted to a specific ancestor. It could be a story, a biography, a photograph, an outline of a research problem — anything that focuses on one ancestor”.

For the 45th week of this challenge, I chose Louis Turcot (1678-1748).

Louis is my paternal 7x great-grandfather and is number 646/710 in my ancestor list. (He and his second wife are double ancestors on my father’s mother’s side.)

He was the youngest of eight children of Abel Turcot, a miller, and his wife Marie Giraud, immigrants from France. In March 1706, Louis married Marguerite Lepage by whom he had five children, three sons and two daughters. After Marguerite’s death in early 1716, Louis waited five years before remarrying, in January 1721 in Ste-Famille, Ile d’Orléans, to my ancestor Angélique Plante, who was twenty years his junior.

The couple’s first child, Marie Catherine, was born the following year in March 1722. I’ve previously written about how she presumably married under the name ‘Catherine Plante’; see Mystery Monday: The Real Wife of Joseph Danis.

After Marie Catherine’s birth, Louis and Angélique had eleven more children:

• Basile (born 1723)
• Marguerite Angélique (born 1725)
• Marie Josèphe (born 1727)
• Jean Baptiste (born 1729)
• Marie Thècle (born 1731)
• Louis Hyacinthe (born 1732)
• Marie Isabelle/Elisabeth (born 1734)
• Nicolas (born and died 1736)
• François (born 1737)
• Marie Thérèse (born 1739)
• Amador/Médard (born 1741)

“Vue de Sainte-Famille, Île d'Orléans, avec la côte de Beaupré en arrière plan” (Paul Paradis, 2010)

In 1748, life changed dramatically for the Turcot family of Ste-Famille.

It began when Louis’ wife Angélique was buried there on 10 February. (Her date of death is not stated in her burial record.)

Two weeks later, on 24 February, Louis and Angélique’s 15-year-old son Hyacinthe was buried. (His date of death is not stated in his burial record.)

Five days later, on 29 February, Louis himself was buried. (His date of death is not stated in his burial record.)

Six weeks later, on 13 April, Louis and Angélique’s 24-year-old son Basile was buried. (He died on 11 April, according to his burial record.)

Three weeks later, on 6 May, their 23-year-old daughter Marguerite Angélique was buried in nearby St-François, Ile d’Orléans. (She died that same day, according to her burial record.)

The sacramental register of Ste-Famille for 1748 reports the burial of forty-six of its parishioners. (There were only eight burials the previous year.) Was there an epidemic in the community? Unfortunately, none of the Turcot burial records indicate the cause of death of Louis, his wife or their children. A quick survey of the other burials for that year also does not reveal causes of death.

Five family members – two parents and three children – died within the span of three months.

1748 was indeed a sad year for the Turcot family.

Photo credit: Wikipedia contributors, "Sainte-Famille, Quebec", Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Famille,_Quebec&oldid=604802373 : accessed 28 October 2014).

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.

Black Sheep Sunday: Antoine Gaboury, would-be rapist

It was on this day – 2 November – in 1668 that Antoine Gaboury was found guilty of attempted rape.

Antoine, my maternal 7x great-grandfather, was born about 1640 (he was 20 years old in 1660) or about 1642 (he was 25 years old on the 1667 colonial census) in La Rochelle, France. [1]

He immigrated to Quebec in the 1650s, where his presence is noted there on 24 February 1660 when he received the sacrament of Confirmation. [2]

By August 1665, though, he was heavily in debt to his creditor Aubin Lambert. [3]

Three years later, an order was issued for Antoine’s arrest in L’Ange-Gardien in the Beaupré seigneurie, east of Quebec, on 23 October 1668. [4] It wasn’t due to his debts, however. His neighbor François Hébert and his daughter Jeanne, who was about 10 years old, brought an accusation of rape against him. [5]

Testimony was heard from various witnesses in Quebec. Justice was swift. Two weeks later, the Conseil souverain declared Antoine guilty of having attempted to rape Jeanne ‘with all his might’. [6]

The sentence: Antoine would be shaved, publicly beaten and sent to the galleys for nine years. [7] Additionally, he was fined “cinq cents livres”, half of which would pay his victim’s expenses for boarding school run by the Ursuline nuns in Quebec. The remainder would go to the poor of the local hospital. [8] His belongings were seized and sold at auction. [9] Finally, Antoine was placed on the first ship leaving for France and handed over to the galley guards to begin serving his sentence. [10]

After his exile, Antoine returned to Nouvelle-France, married Jeanne Migneault, by whom he had two sons and six daughters. [11] He died at an unknown date, but it was before 12 October 1708, because he is described as “deffunt [sic] Antoine Gaboury” in his daughter’s burial record. [12]

For her part, young Jeanne married French immigrant François Labadie in April 1671 and was the mother of eleven children. She outlived her assailant and died in 1727. [13]

Sources:

1. René Jetté, Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec (Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1983), 446.

2. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 446.

3. Réal Aubin, “Aubin Lambert, un prétendu soldat du regiment de Carignan”, Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 131 (jan-févr-mars 1977): 25-31, particularly p. 29; DVD edition (Montreal, QC: SGCF, 2013).

4. Robert-Lionel Séguin, La vie libertine en Nouvelle-France (Ottawa: Leméac, 1972), I: 303.

5. Joachim Hébert, “Une famille-souche – 1ère generation François Hebert dit Le Comte de Roussy et Anne Fauconnier”, Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 173 (automne 1987): 175-212, particularly p. 185.

6. Séguin, La vie libertine en Nouvelle-France, I: 304, citing Jugements du Conseil souverain, op. cit., 111: 497.

7. Séguin, La vie libertine en Nouvelle-France, I: 304, citing Jugements du Conseil souverain, op. cit., 111: 508. A similar sentence (shaved, beaten, exiled for nine years in the galleys) was recently given to Pierre Pinel on 1 October 1668 for having raped two young girls of about 10 and 11 years old. Séguin, La vie libertine en Nouvelle-France, I: 303.

8. Séguin, La vie libertine en Nouvelle-France, I: 304.

9. Joachim Hébert, “Une famille-souche”, p. 185.

10. Séguin, La vie libertine en Nouvelle-France, I: 304, citing Jugements du Conseil souverain, op. cit., 111: 508.

11. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 446.

12. St-Augustin (St-Augustin, Quebec), parish register, 1693-1780, no p. no., no entry no. (1708), Marie Jeanne Gaboury burial, 14 October 1708; St-Augustin parish; digital image, “Le LAFRANCE”, Généalogie Québec (http://www.genealogiequebec.com : accessed 1 November 2014).

13. Jetté, Dictionnaire, 618.

Copyright © 2014, Yvonne Demoskoff.